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File Description

Twig template

Twig File Format

Overview

Twig is a modern template engine for PHP created by Fabien Potencier in 2009. It provides a clean, powerful syntax for creating templates that separate presentation logic from business logic, making it easier to maintain and secure web applications. Twig is the default template engine for the Symfony framework and is widely used in other PHP projects.

Technical Details

MIME Type: text/x-twig
File Extension: .twig
Category: Code
First Appeared: 2009
Language: PHP-based template engine
Paradigm: Template-based, declarative

Structure and Syntax

Twig uses a clean syntax with three types of delimiters for different purposes: comments, expressions, and statements.

Basic Syntax Elements

{# This is a comment #}
{# Comments can span
   multiple lines #}

{{ variable }}                    {# Output a variable #}
{{ user.name }}                   {# Access object property #}
{{ user['email'] }}               {# Access array element #}

{% set name = 'John' %}           {# Set a variable #}
{% if condition %}                {# Control structure #}
    Content here
{% endif %}

Variables and Expressions

{# Basic variable output #}
Hello {{ name }}!

{# Object and array access #}
{{ user.name }}
{{ user.getName() }}
{{ users[0] }}
{{ attribute(user, 'name') }}

{# Arithmetic operations #}
{{ 1 + 2 }}
{{ 'Hello ' ~ name }}             {# String concatenation #}
{{ products|length }}             {# Filter application #}

{# Ternary operator #}
{{ user ? user.name : 'Guest' }}

{# Null coalescing #}
{{ user.name ?? 'Unknown' }}

Control Structures

{# If statements #}
{% if user.isActive %}
    <p>Welcome back, {{ user.name }}!</p>
{% elseif user.isPending %}
    <p>Your account is pending approval.</p>
{% else %}
    <p>Please activate your account.</p>
{% endif %}

{# For loops #}
<ul>
{% for product in products %}
    <li>{{ product.name }} - ${{ product.price }}</li>
{% else %}
    <li>No products available</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

{# Loop with additional variables #}
{% for user in users %}
    <div class="user{% if loop.first %} first{% endif %}{% if loop.last %} last{% endif %}">
        {{ loop.index }}. {{ user.name }}
        {% if not loop.last %}, {% endif %}
    </div>
{% endfor %}

Template Inheritance and Blocks

Base Template

{# base.html.twig #}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>{% block title %}Default Title{% endblock %}</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    {% block stylesheets %}
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css">
    {% endblock %}
</head>
<body>
    <header>
        {% block header %}
            <h1>My Website</h1>
            <nav>{% block navigation %}{% endblock %}</nav>
        {% endblock %}
    </header>
    
    <main>
        {% block content %}{% endblock %}
    </main>
    
    <footer>
        {% block footer %}
            <p>&copy; {{ "now"|date("Y") }} My Company</p>
        {% endblock %}
    </footer>
    
    {% block javascripts %}
        <script src="/js/main.js"></script>
    {% endblock %}
</body>
</html>

Child Template

{# page.html.twig #}
{% extends "base.html.twig" %}

{% block title %}{{ post.title }} - {{ parent() }}{% endblock %}

{% block stylesheets %}
    {{ parent() }}
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/blog.css">
{% endblock %}

{% block navigation %}
    <ul>
        <li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
        <li><a href="/blog">Blog</a></li>
        <li><a href="/contact">Contact</a></li>
    </ul>
{% endblock %}

{% block content %}
    <article>
        <h2>{{ post.title }}</h2>
        <p class="meta">
            Published on {{ post.publishedAt|date('F j, Y') }}
            by {{ post.author.name }}
        </p>
        <div class="content">
            {{ post.content|markdown }}
        </div>
        
        {% if post.tags %}
            <div class="tags">
                Tags: 
                {% for tag in post.tags %}
                    <span class="tag">{{ tag.name }}</span>
                    {%- if not loop.last %}, {% endif -%}
                {% endfor %}
            </div>
        {% endif %}
    </article>
{% endblock %}

Filters and Functions

Common Filters

{# String filters #}
{{ name|upper }}                  {# JOHN DOE #}
{{ name|lower }}                  {# john doe #}
{{ name|title }}                  {# John Doe #}
{{ name|capitalize }}             {# John doe #}
{{ description|truncate(50) }}    {# Truncate to 50 characters #}
{{ content|striptags }}           {# Remove HTML tags #}
{{ text|nl2br }}                  {# Convert newlines to <br> #}

{# Number filters #}
{{ price|number_format(2, '.', ',') }}  {# Format numbers #}
{{ percentage|round(2) }}                {# Round to 2 decimals #}

{# Date filters #}
{{ post.createdAt|date('Y-m-d H:i:s') }}
{{ post.createdAt|date('F j, Y') }}
{{ 'now'|date('Y') }}

{# Array filters #}
{{ users|length }}                {# Count elements #}
{{ products|first }}              {# First element #}
{{ products|last }}               {# Last element #}
{{ numbers|join(', ') }}          {# Join array elements #}
{{ items|sort }}                  {# Sort array #}
{{ users|sort_by('name') }}       {# Sort by property #}

{# Custom formatting #}
{{ content|markdown }}            {# Custom filter (if registered) #}
{{ data|json_encode }}            {# JSON encoding #}

Built-in Functions

{# Range function #}
{% for i in range(1, 10) %}
    <span>{{ i }}</span>
{% endfor %}

{# Cycle function #}
{% for item in items %}
    <tr class="{{ cycle(['odd', 'even'], loop.index0) }}">
        <td>{{ item.name }}</td>
    </tr>
{% endfor %}

{# Random function #}
{{ random(['apple', 'banana', 'orange']) }}
{{ random(100) }}

{# Template functions #}
{% set navigation = include('navigation.html.twig') %}
{{ navigation }}

{# Attribute function #}
{{ attribute(user, 'get' ~ field.name) }}

{# Block function #}
{{ block('title') }}

Macros and Includes

Macros for Reusable Components

{# macros.html.twig #}
{% macro form_field(field) %}
    <div class="form-group{% if field.errors %} has-error{% endif %}">
        <label for="{{ field.id }}">{{ field.label }}</label>
        {{ field.widget }}
        {% if field.errors %}
            <div class="error-messages">
                {% for error in field.errors %}
                    <span class="error">{{ error }}</span>
                {% endfor %}
            </div>
        {% endif %}
    </div>
{% endmacro %}

{% macro button(text, type = 'button', class = 'btn') %}
    <button type="{{ type }}" class="{{ class }}">{{ text }}</button>
{% endmacro %}

{% macro pagination(currentPage, totalPages, route) %}
    {% if totalPages > 1 %}
        <nav class="pagination">
            {% if currentPage > 1 %}
                <a href="{{ path(route, {page: currentPage - 1}) }}">&laquo; Previous</a>
            {% endif %}
            
            {% for page in range(1, totalPages) %}
                {% if page == currentPage %}
                    <span class="current">{{ page }}</span>
                {% else %}
                    <a href="{{ path(route, {page: page}) }}">{{ page }}</a>
                {% endif %}
            {% endfor %}
            
            {% if currentPage < totalPages %}
                <a href="{{ path(route, {page: currentPage + 1}) }}">Next &raquo;</a>
            {% endif %}
        </nav>
    {% endif %}
{% endmacro %}

Using Macros

{% import 'macros.html.twig' as forms %}

<form method="post">
    {{ forms.form_field(form.name) }}
    {{ forms.form_field(form.email) }}
    {{ forms.form_field(form.message) }}
    {{ forms.button('Submit', 'submit', 'btn btn-primary') }}
</form>

{{ forms.pagination(currentPage, totalPages, 'blog_index') }}

Includes and Embeds

{# Simple include #}
{% include 'sidebar.html.twig' %}

{# Include with variables #}
{% include 'product_card.html.twig' with {'product': featuredProduct} %}

{# Conditional include #}
{% include 'admin_panel.html.twig' ignore missing %}

{# Include with only specific variables #}
{% include 'user_info.html.twig' with {'user': currentUser} only %}

{# Embed for more complex inclusion #}
{% embed 'modal.html.twig' %}
    {% block modal_title %}Confirm Action{% endblock %}
    {% block modal_body %}
        <p>Are you sure you want to delete this item?</p>
    {% endblock %}
    {% block modal_footer %}
        <button type="button" class="btn btn-danger">Delete</button>
        <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary">Cancel</button>
    {% endblock %}
{% endembed %}

Advanced Features

Custom Filters and Functions

// In PHP - Register custom filter
$twig->addFilter(new \Twig\TwigFilter('price', function ($number, $currency = 'USD') {
    return $currency . ' ' . number_format($number, 2);
}));

// Register custom function
$twig->addFunction(new \Twig\TwigFunction('asset', function ($path) {
    return '/assets/' . $path;
}));

{# Using custom filter and function #}
{{ product.price|price('EUR') }}
<img src="{{ asset('images/logo.png') }}" alt="Logo">

Tests and Conditional Logic

{# Built-in tests #}
{% if user is defined %}
    User is defined
{% endif %}

{% if value is null %}
    Value is null
{% endif %}

{% if items is empty %}
    No items available
{% endif %}

{% if user is same as(admin) %}
    User is admin
{% endif %}

{% if number is even %}
    Number is even
{% endif %}

{# Custom tests (registered in PHP) #}
{% if user is authenticated %}
    Welcome back!
{% endif %}

Whitespace Control

{# Remove whitespace with - #}
{%- if condition -%}
    Content without surrounding whitespace
{%- endif -%}

{# Example with list #}
<ul>
    {%- for item in items -%}
        <li>{{- item.name -}}</li>
    {%- endfor -%}
</ul>

Error Handling and Debugging

Error Handling

{# Try-catch block #}
{% try %}
    {{ user.profile.avatar.url }}
{% catch %}
    <img src="/default-avatar.png" alt="Default Avatar">
{% endtry %}

{# Default operator #}
{{ user.name|default('Anonymous') }}
{{ user.profile.bio|default('No bio available') }}

Debugging

{# Debug output #}
{{ dump(user) }}              {# Dump variable (if debug mode) #}
{{ dump() }}                  {# Dump all variables #}

{# Template debugging #}
<!-- Template: {{ _self }} -->
<!-- Block: {{ block('current_block') is defined ? 'current_block' : 'none' }} -->

Security Features

Auto-escaping

{# Auto-escaped by default #}
{{ user.name }}               {# Escaped HTML #}

{# Manual escaping control #}
{{ user.bio|raw }}           {# Output raw HTML #}
{{ user.name|e('html') }}    {# Explicit HTML escaping #}
{{ user.name|e('js') }}      {# JavaScript escaping #}
{{ user.name|e('css') }}     {# CSS escaping #}
{{ user.name|e('url') }}     {# URL escaping #}

{# Disable auto-escaping for block #}
{% autoescape false %}
    {{ htmlContent }}
{% endautoescape %}

CSRF Protection Integration

{# Form with CSRF token (Symfony example) #}
<form method="post">
    {{ csrf_token('user_edit') }}
    <!-- form fields -->
</form>

Integration Examples

Symfony Integration

// Controller
public function blog(Request $request): Response
{
    $posts = $this->postRepository->findAll();
    
    return $this->render('blog/index.html.twig', [
        'posts' => $posts,
        'currentPage' => $request->query->getInt('page', 1)
    ]);
}

{# blog/index.html.twig #}
{% extends 'base.html.twig' %}

{% block title %}Blog{% endblock %}

{% block content %}
    <h1>Blog Posts</h1>
    
    {% for post in posts %}
        <article class="post-preview">
            <h2><a href="{{ path('blog_show', {id: post.id}) }}">{{ post.title }}</a></h2>
            <p>{{ post.excerpt }}</p>
            <small>{{ post.publishedAt|date('M j, Y') }}</small>
        </article>
    {% endfor %}
{% endblock %}

Laravel Integration

// Laravel Blade alternative with Twig
Route::get('/products', function () {
    $products = Product::all();
    return view('products.index', compact('products'));
});

Best Practices

Template Organization

{# Use descriptive filenames #}
base.html.twig
layout/admin.html.twig
components/navigation.html.twig
forms/contact.html.twig
emails/welcome.html.twig

{# Organize by feature or section #}
blog/
  ├── index.html.twig
  ├── show.html.twig
  └── _post_card.html.twig

Performance Optimization

Enable template caching in production
Use template inheritance efficiently
Minimize the use of complex filters in loops
Leverage template precompilation
Use appropriate caching strategies

Code Quality

Keep templates focused and single-purpose
Use meaningful variable names
Comment complex logic
Separate presentation from business logic
Follow consistent naming conventions

Common Use Cases

Web Applications

Dynamic web page generation
Email template rendering
Form rendering and validation
Multi-language content management

Content Management

Blog and article templates
Product catalog displays
User profile pages
Administrative interfaces

API Documentation

Dynamic documentation generation
Code example rendering
Interactive API explorers
Multi-format output generation

Twig continues to be a leading template engine for PHP applications, offering a perfect balance of power, security, and ease of use for modern web development projects.

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