SQL SQL source

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🏷️ .sql

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File Information

File Description

SQL source

Structured Query Language

What is an SQL file?

An SQL (.sql) file is a script file containing Structured Query Language (SQL) statements used to interact with relational databases. SQL files can contain queries, data definitions, data manipulation commands, stored procedures, functions, and other database operations. These files serve as a way to store, version control, and execute database operations, making them essential for database administration, application development, and data analysis.

More Information

SQL was developed in the early 1970s by Donald Chamberlin and Raymond Boyce at IBM as part of the System R project, one of the first relational database management systems. The language was designed to provide a standardized way to interact with relational databases based on Edgar F. Codd's relational model. SQL became an ANSI standard in 1986 and an ISO standard in 1987, though various database vendors have extended it with their own features.

SQL has become the de facto standard for relational database operations and remains one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. Despite the rise of NoSQL databases, SQL continues to evolve with new features and remains essential for data analysis, business intelligence, and application development. Modern SQL includes support for JSON, window functions, common table expressions, and other advanced features.

SQL Format

SQL follows a declarative syntax with specific statement types:

Basic Statement Types

SELECT - Retrieve data from tables
INSERT - Add new records to tables
UPDATE - Modify existing records
DELETE - Remove records from tables
CREATE - Define database objects (tables, indexes, views)
ALTER - Modify existing database objects
DROP - Remove database objects

Data Definition Language (DDL)

CREATE TABLE - Define table structure
CREATE INDEX - Create database indexes
CREATE VIEW - Define virtual tables
ALTER TABLE - Modify table structure
DROP TABLE - Remove tables
TRUNCATE - Remove all table data

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

SELECT - Query data with filtering, sorting, grouping
INSERT INTO - Add new records
UPDATE SET - Modify existing data
DELETE FROM - Remove specific records

Example SQL Script

-- Create database schema
CREATE DATABASE company_db;
USE company_db;

-- Create employees table
CREATE TABLE employees (
    employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    first_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    last_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE,
    hire_date DATE,
    salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
    department_id INT,
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

-- Create departments table
CREATE TABLE departments (
    department_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    department_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    manager_id INT,
    budget DECIMAL(12, 2)
);

-- Add foreign key constraint
ALTER TABLE employees 
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_department 
FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES departments(department_id);

-- Insert sample data
INSERT INTO departments (department_name, budget) VALUES
('Engineering', 1500000.00),
('Marketing', 800000.00),
('Sales', 1200000.00);

INSERT INTO employees (first_name, last_name, email, hire_date, salary, department_id) VALUES
('John', 'Doe', '[email protected]', '2023-01-15', 75000.00, 1),
('Jane', 'Smith', '[email protected]', '2023-02-01', 68000.00, 2),
('Bob', 'Johnson', '[email protected]', '2023-03-10', 82000.00, 1);

-- Complex query with joins and aggregation
SELECT 
    d.department_name,
    COUNT(e.employee_id) as employee_count,
    AVG(e.salary) as average_salary,
    MAX(e.salary) as max_salary,
    MIN(e.hire_date) as earliest_hire_date
FROM departments d
LEFT JOIN employees e ON d.department_id = e.department_id
GROUP BY d.department_id, d.department_name
HAVING COUNT(e.employee_id) > 0
ORDER BY average_salary DESC;

-- Create view for frequently used query
CREATE VIEW employee_summary AS
SELECT 
    CONCAT(e.first_name, ' ', e.last_name) as full_name,
    e.email,
    d.department_name,
    e.salary,
    DATEDIFF(CURDATE(), e.hire_date) as days_employed
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id;

-- Create stored procedure
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmployeesByDepartment(IN dept_name VARCHAR(100))
BEGIN
    SELECT * FROM employee_summary 
    WHERE department_name = dept_name
    ORDER BY salary DESC;
END //
DELIMITER ;