Erlang (.erl)

Overview

Erlang is a functional programming language designed for building massively scalable, fault-tolerant systems. Originally developed by Ericsson for telecommunications applications, Erlang has found widespread use in distributed systems, real-time applications, and high-availability services. The language is built on the Actor model and features lightweight processes, message passing, and hot code swapping.

Technical Details

• File Extension: .erl
• MIME Type: text/x-erlang
• Category: Programming Language
• First Appeared: 1986
• Paradigm: Functional, concurrent, distributed
• Platform: Cross-platform (BEAM virtual machine)

Key Features

Concurrency and Distribution

• Lightweight processes (not OS threads)
• Actor model implementation
• Built-in support for distributed computing
• Message passing between processes

Fault Tolerance

• "Let it crash" philosophy
• Supervision trees for process management
• Hot code swapping without stopping the system
• Built-in error handling and recovery

Functional Programming

• Pattern matching
• Immutable data structures
• Higher-order functions
• List comprehensions

Syntax Example

-module(factorial).
-export([fact/1]).

% Calculate factorial using recursion
fact(0) -> 1;
fact(N) when N > 0 -> N * fact(N-1).

% Process example with message passing
start() ->
    spawn(fun() -> loop() end).

loop() ->
    receive
        {From, hello} ->
            From ! {self(), "Hello back!"},
            loop();
        stop ->
            ok
    end.

Language Constructs

Pattern Matching

process_list([]) -> done;
process_list([H|T]) -> 
    io:format("~p~n", [H]),
    process_list(T).

List Comprehensions

Squares = [X*X || X <- [1,2,3,4,5]].
EvenSquares = [X*X || X <- [1,2,3,4,5,6], X rem 2 =:= 0].

Guards

max(X, Y) when X > Y -> X;
max(X, Y) -> Y.

Development Tools

Compilers and Runtime

• BEAM: Erlang virtual machine
• HiPE: High Performance Erlang compiler
• erlc: Erlang compiler
• erl: Erlang shell

Build Tools

• Rebar3: Build tool and package manager
• Mix: Build tool (primarily for Elixir)
• erlang.mk: Makefile-based build system

IDEs and Editors

• IntelliJ IDEA with Erlang plugin
• Emacs with erlang-mode
• Vim with vim-erlang
• VSCode with Erlang extensions

Frameworks and Libraries

Web Frameworks

• Cowboy: HTTP server and WebSocket handler
• Nitrogen: Web framework for rapid development
• ChicagoBoss: MVC web framework

Databases

• Mnesia: Distributed DBMS
• Riak: Distributed NoSQL database
• CouchDB: Document-oriented database

Testing

• EUnit: Unit testing framework
• Common Test: Framework for automated testing
• PropEr: Property-based testing

Common Use Cases

Telecommunications

• Switching systems
• Protocol implementations
• Call routing and management
• Real-time billing systems

Web Services

• High-concurrency web servers
• Real-time messaging systems
• Chat applications
• API gateways

Distributed Systems

• Fault-tolerant backend services
• IoT device management
• Financial trading systems
• Gaming backends

Real-time Applications

• Live streaming platforms
• Multiplayer games
• Monitoring systems
• Event processing

File Structure

Basic Module Structure

-module(module_name).
-author("Author Name").
-vsn("1.0").
-export([function1/1, function2/2]).

-include("header_file.hrl").
-define(MACRO_NAME, value).

% Function implementations
function1(Arg) ->
    % Function body
    ok.

Common Directives

• -module(Name): Module declaration
• -export([Function/Arity]): Export functions
• -import(Module, [Function/Arity]): Import functions
• -include("file.hrl"): Include header files
• -define(MACRO, Value): Define macros

Notable Applications

• WhatsApp: Messaging platform backend
• Ericsson AXD301: ATM switch
• Riak: Distributed database
• RabbitMQ: Message broker
• Discord: Voice and text chat platform

Learning Resources

• Official Erlang documentation and tutorials
• "Learn You Some Erlang" by Fred Hébert
• "Programming Erlang" by Joe Armstrong
• Erlang Solutions training materials
• Open source projects on GitHub

Erlang continues to be relevant for building robust, concurrent systems where fault tolerance and scalability are paramount requirements.