ERB Embedded Ruby source

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File Description

Embedded Ruby source

ERB (Embedded Ruby) File Format

Overview

The ERB (Embedded Ruby) format is a templating system that allows Ruby code to be embedded within text documents, most commonly HTML. ERB is part of the Ruby standard library and is widely used in Ruby on Rails web applications for generating dynamic content by mixing static text with Ruby expressions and control structures.

Technical Details

File Characteristics

Extension: .erb, .html.erb, .rhtml
MIME Type: text/x-ruby
Category: Code
Format Type: Template with embedded Ruby code

Template Processing

Static Content: Regular text and markup
Dynamic Content: Ruby code execution results
Control Structures: Conditional logic and loops
Variable Interpolation: Ruby variable and expression evaluation

Syntax and Structure

Basic ERB Tags

<!-- Expression tags (output result) -->
<%= Ruby expression %>

<!-- Execution tags (run code without output) -->
<% Ruby code %>

<!-- Comment tags (not included in output) -->
<%# This is a comment %>

<!-- Literal tags (escape ERB processing) -->
<%% This becomes <% in output %>

HTML with ERB Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title><%= @page_title %></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Welcome, <%= @user.name %>!</h1>
    
    <% if @user.admin? %>
        <p>You have administrator privileges.</p>
    <% end %>
    
    <ul>
        <% @items.each do |item| %>
            <li>
                <%= link_to item.name, item_path(item) %>
                <span class="price">$<%= item.price %></span>
            </li>
        <% end %>
    </ul>
    
    <p>Total items: <%= @items.count %></p>
    <p>Current time: <%= Time.current.strftime("%B %d, %Y at %I:%M %p") %></p>
</body>
</html>

Control Structures

<!-- Conditional statements -->
<% if condition %>
    <p>Condition is true</p>
<% elsif other_condition %>
    <p>Other condition is true</p>
<% else %>
    <p>No conditions met</p>
<% end %>

<!-- Case statements -->
<% case @status %>
<% when 'pending' %>
    <span class="badge pending">Pending</span>
<% when 'approved' %>
    <span class="badge approved">Approved</span>
<% when 'rejected' %>
    <span class="badge rejected">Rejected</span>
<% end %>

<!-- Loops -->
<% (1..5).each do |i| %>
    <div>Item <%= i %></div>
<% end %>

<!-- Iteration with index -->
<% @products.each_with_index do |product, index| %>
    <tr class="<%= index.even? ? 'even' : 'odd' %>">
        <td><%= product.name %></td>
        <td><%= product.price %></td>
    </tr>
<% end %>

Ruby on Rails Integration

View Templates

<!-- app/views/users/show.html.erb -->
<div class="user-profile">
    <h1><%= @user.full_name %></h1>
    
    <%= image_tag @user.avatar.url, alt: @user.name, class: "avatar" if @user.avatar.present? %>
    
    <div class="user-details">
        <p><strong>Email:</strong> <%= @user.email %></p>
        <p><strong>Joined:</strong> <%= @user.created_at.strftime("%B %Y") %></p>
        
        <% if @user.bio.present? %>
            <div class="bio">
                <h3>About</h3>
                <%= simple_format(@user.bio) %>
            </div>
        <% end %>
    </div>
    
    <div class="actions">
        <%= link_to "Edit Profile", edit_user_path(@user), class: "btn btn-primary" %>
        <%= link_to "Back to Users", users_path, class: "btn btn-secondary" %>
    </div>
</div>

Partial Templates

<!-- app/views/users/_user_card.html.erb -->
<div class="user-card" data-user-id="<%= user.id %>">
    <div class="card-header">
        <%= image_tag user.avatar.url, class: "avatar-small" %>
        <h4><%= user.name %></h4>
    </div>
    
    <div class="card-body">
        <p><%= truncate(user.bio, length: 100) %></p>
        
        <div class="user-stats">
            <span class="stat">
                <strong><%= user.posts.count %></strong> posts
            </span>
            <span class="stat">
                <strong><%= user.followers.count %></strong> followers
            </span>
        </div>
    </div>
    
    <div class="card-footer">
        <%= link_to "View Profile", user_path(user), class: "btn btn-sm" %>
    </div>
</div>

<!-- Using the partial -->
<div class="users-grid">
    <%= render partial: "user_card", collection: @users, as: :user %>
</div>

Layout Templates

<!-- app/views/layouts/application.html.erb -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="<%= I18n.locale %>">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title><%= content_for?(:title) ? yield(:title) : "My Application" %></title>
    
    <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
    <%= csp_meta_tag %>
    
    <%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all", "data-turbo-track": "reload" %>
    <%= javascript_importmap_tags %>
    
    <% if content_for?(:head) %>
        <%= yield(:head) %>
    <% end %>
</head>
<body class="<%= controller_name %> <%= action_name %>">
    <header>
        <nav class="navbar">
            <%= link_to "Home", root_path, class: "navbar-brand" %>
            
            <ul class="navbar-nav">
                <% if user_signed_in? %>
                    <li><%= link_to "Profile", user_path(current_user) %></li>
                    <li><%= link_to "Settings", edit_user_registration_path %></li>
                    <li><%= link_to "Logout", destroy_user_session_path, method: :delete %></li>
                <% else %>
                    <li><%= link_to "Login", new_user_session_path %></li>
                    <li><%= link_to "Sign Up", new_user_registration_path %></li>
                <% end %>
            </ul>
        </nav>
        
        <% flash.each do |type, message| %>
            <div class="alert alert-<%= type %>" role="alert">
                <%= message %>
            </div>
        <% end %>
    </header>
    
    <main>
        <%= yield %>
    </main>
    
    <footer>
        <p>&copy; <%= Date.current.year %> My Application</p>
    </footer>
</body>
</html>

Form Helpers and User Input

Form Building

<!-- Rails form helpers -->
<%= form_with model: @user, local: true do |form| %>
    <div class="form-group">
        <%= form.label :name %>
        <%= form.text_field :name, class: "form-control" %>
        <% if @user.errors[:name].any? %>
            <div class="error-message">
                <%= @user.errors[:name].first %>
            </div>
        <% end %>
    </div>
    
    <div class="form-group">
        <%= form.label :email %>
        <%= form.email_field :email, class: "form-control" %>
    </div>
    
    <div class="form-group">
        <%= form.label :bio %>
        <%= form.text_area :bio, rows: 4, class: "form-control" %>
    </div>
    
    <div class="form-group">
        <%= form.label :role %>
        <%= form.select :role, 
            options_for_select([
                ['User', 'user'],
                ['Admin', 'admin'],
                ['Moderator', 'moderator']
            ], @user.role),
            { prompt: 'Select a role' },
            { class: "form-control" } %>
    </div>
    
    <div class="form-actions">
        <%= form.submit "Save User", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
        <%= link_to "Cancel", users_path, class: "btn btn-secondary" %>
    </div>
<% end %>

Data Tables

<!-- Dynamic table generation -->
<table class="table table-striped">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th><%= link_to "Name", users_path(sort: 'name'), class: sort_css_class('name') %></th>
            <th><%= link_to "Email", users_path(sort: 'email'), class: sort_css_class('email') %></th>
            <th><%= link_to "Created", users_path(sort: 'created_at'), class: sort_css_class('created_at') %></th>
            <th>Actions</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <% @users.each do |user| %>
            <tr>
                <td>
                    <%= link_to user.name, user_path(user) %>
                    <% if user.admin? %>
                        <span class="badge badge-admin">Admin</span>
                    <% end %>
                </td>
                <td><%= user.email %></td>
                <td>
                    <time datetime="<%= user.created_at.iso8601 %>">
                        <%= user.created_at.strftime("%b %d, %Y") %>
                    </time>
                </td>
                <td>
                    <%= link_to "Edit", edit_user_path(user), class: "btn btn-sm btn-outline-primary" %>
                    <%= link_to "Delete", user_path(user), 
                        method: :delete,
                        confirm: "Are you sure?",
                        class: "btn btn-sm btn-outline-danger" %>
                </td>
            </tr>
        <% end %>
    </tbody>
</table>

<%= paginate @users if respond_to?(:paginate) %>

Helper Methods and Utilities

Custom Helpers

# app/helpers/application_helper.rb
module ApplicationHelper
  def page_title(title = nil)
    if title.present?
      content_for(:title, title)
      title
    else
      "My Application"
    end
  end
  
  def format_date(date)
    return "N/A" unless date
    date.strftime("%B %d, %Y")
  end
  
  def user_avatar(user, size: :medium)
    sizes = { small: 32, medium: 64, large: 128 }
    size_px = sizes[size] || sizes[:medium]
    
    if user.avatar.attached?
      image_tag user.avatar, 
        size: "#{size_px}x#{size_px}",
        class: "avatar avatar-#{size}"
    else
      image_tag "default-avatar.png",
        size: "#{size_px}x#{size_px}",
        class: "avatar avatar-#{size} avatar-default"
    end
  end
end

Using Helpers in ERB

<!-- Using custom helpers -->
<% content_for :title, "User Profile" %>

<div class="profile-header">
    <%= user_avatar(@user, size: :large) %>
    <h1><%= @user.name %></h1>
    <p>Member since <%= format_date(@user.created_at) %></p>
</div>

Error Handling and Debugging

Error Display

<!-- Error handling in templates -->
<% begin %>
    <%= @user.posts.published.count %>
<% rescue => e %>
    <span class="error">Error loading posts</span>
    <% Rails.logger.error "Template error: #{e.message}" %>
<% end %>

<!-- Safe navigation -->
<%= @user&.profile&.bio || "No bio available" %>

<!-- Presence checks -->
<% if @user.posts.any? %>
    <h3>Recent Posts</h3>
    <% @user.posts.limit(5).each do |post| %>
        <article>
            <h4><%= link_to post.title, post_path(post) %></h4>
            <p><%= truncate(post.content, length: 150) %></p>
        </article>
    <% end %>
<% else %>
    <p>No posts yet.</p>
<% end %>

Debug Information

<!-- Development debugging -->
<% if Rails.env.development? %>
    <div class="debug-info">
        <h4>Debug Information</h4>
        <pre><%= debug(@user) %></pre>
        <p>Template: <%= template.virtual_path %></p>
        <p>Controller: <%= controller.class.name %></p>
        <p>Action: <%= controller.action_name %></p>
    </div>
<% end %>

Best Practices

Performance Optimization

<!-- Efficient database queries -->
<% @users_with_posts = @users.includes(:posts) %>
<% @users_with_posts.each do |user| %>
    <div class="user-summary">
        <h3><%= user.name %></h3>
        <p>Posts: <%= user.posts.size %></p> <!-- uses preloaded data -->
    </div>
<% end %>

<!-- Caching expensive operations -->
<% cache @user do %>
    <div class="user-stats">
        <%= render "expensive_calculation" %>
    </div>
<% end %>

Security Considerations

<!-- Always escape user input -->
<p>User comment: <%= h(user_comment) %></p>

<!-- Use safe HTML when needed -->
<div class="content">
    <%= sanitize(@post.content, tags: %w[p br strong em]) %>
</div>

<!-- Safe attribute assignment -->
<div class="<%= "user-#{@user.id}" %>" data-user-role="<%= @user.role %>">
    <!-- content -->
</div>

Code Organization

<!-- Use partials for reusable components -->
<div class="sidebar">
    <%= render "shared/user_navigation" %>
    <%= render "shared/recent_activity" %>
</div>

<!-- Extract complex logic to helpers -->
<div class="status-indicator <%= status_css_class(@order.status) %>">
    <%= humanize_status(@order.status) %>
</div>

The ERB format provides a powerful and flexible templating system for Ruby applications, enabling the creation of dynamic web content while maintaining clean separation between presentation and business logic.

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