CPP C++ source

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File Information

File Description

C++ source

C++ Programming Language

What is a C++ file?

A C++ file (.cpp, .cxx, .cc) is a source code file written in C++, an extension of the C programming language that adds object-oriented programming capabilities. C++ is a general-purpose programming language that supports multiple programming paradigms including procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming. C++ files contain classes, functions, templates, and other constructs that are compiled into efficient machine code while providing higher-level abstractions than C.

More Information

C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs starting in 1979 as an enhancement to the C programming language, originally called "C with Classes." The first commercial release was in 1985. C++ was designed to combine the efficiency and flexibility of C with facilities for program organization that are provided by object-oriented programming. The language has continuously evolved, with major standards released regularly.

C++ has become one of the most widely used programming languages, particularly in systems programming, game development, embedded systems, and high-performance applications. Its ability to provide both low-level control and high-level abstractions makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, from operating systems and device drivers to desktop applications and AAA video games.

C++ Format

C++ extends C syntax with object-oriented and generic programming features:

Basic Structure

Preprocessor directives - #include, #define, #ifdef
Namespace declarations - using namespace std;
Class definitions - Object-oriented structures
Function definitions - Including member functions
Template definitions - Generic programming constructs
Main function - Program entry point

Key Features

Object-oriented programming - Classes, inheritance, polymorphism
Generic programming - Templates and template specialization
Function overloading - Multiple functions with same name
Operator overloading - Custom behavior for operators
References - Alias for existing variables
RAII - Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
Standard Template Library - Rich collection of containers and algorithms

Object-Oriented Features

Classes and objects - Encapsulation of data and methods
Inheritance - Base and derived classes
Polymorphism - Virtual functions and dynamic binding
Encapsulation - Private, protected, public access
Abstraction - Abstract classes and pure virtual functions

Common Patterns

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>
#include <string>

// Class definition
class Animal {
private:
    std::string name;
    int age;

public:
    Animal(const std::string& n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}
    
    virtual ~Animal() = default;
    virtual void makeSound() const = 0;  // Pure virtual function
    
    std::string getName() const { return name; }
    int getAge() const { return age; }
};

// Derived class
class Dog : public Animal {
public:
    Dog(const std::string& name, int age) : Animal(name, age) {}
    
    void makeSound() const override {
        std::cout << getName() << " says Woof!" << std::endl;
    }
};

// Template function
template<typename T>
T maximum(const T& a, const T& b) {
    return (a > b) ? a : b;
}

int main() {
    // Smart pointers for automatic memory management
    auto dog = std::make_unique<Dog>("Buddy", 3);
    dog->makeSound();
    
    // STL containers
    std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    
    // Range-based for loop (C++11)
    for (const auto& num : numbers) {
        std::cout << num << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    // Template usage
    int max_int = maximum(10, 20);
    double max_double = maximum(3.14, 2.71);
    
    return 0;
}