CLOJURE Clojure
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File Information
Clojure
Code
.clj, .cljs
text/x-clojure
Clojure (.clj, .cljs)
Overview
Clojure is a dynamic, functional programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Common Language Runtime (CLR), and JavaScript engines. Created by Rich Hickey in 2007, Clojure is a modern Lisp dialect that emphasizes immutability, functional programming, and concurrent programming. It seamlessly interoperates with Java and provides powerful abstractions for dealing with state and time.
Technical Details
- File Extensions:
.clj
(Clojure),.cljs
(ClojureScript),.cljc
(Cross-platform) - MIME Type:
text/x-clojure
- Category: Programming Language
- First Appeared: 2007
- Paradigm: Functional, concurrent, dynamic
- Platform: JVM, JavaScript (V8, Node.js), .NET CLR
Key Features
Functional Programming
- Immutable data structures by default
- First-class functions and higher-order functions
- Pure functions encouraged
- Lazy evaluation support
Lisp Heritage
- Homoiconic code structure
- Powerful macro system
- S-expression syntax
- Code as data philosophy
Concurrency and State Management
- Software Transactional Memory (STM)
- Agents for independent state changes
- Atoms for synchronous state
- Refs for coordinated state changes
Syntax Examples
Basic Clojure Constructs
;; Variables and basic data types
(def name "Clojure")
(def version 1.11)
(def is-functional true)
;; Functions
(defn greet [name]
(str "Hello, " name "!"))
(defn add [x y]
(+ x y))
;; Anonymous functions
(def square (fn [x] (* x x)))
(def double #(* 2 %))
;; Function calls
(greet "World")
(add 5 3)
(square 4)
(double 10)
Data Structures
;; Lists
(def my-list '(1 2 3 4 5))
(def another-list (list 1 2 3 4 5))
;; Vectors
(def my-vector [1 2 3 4 5])
(def names ["Alice" "Bob" "Charlie"])
;; Maps (hash maps)
(def person {:name "John" :age 30 :city "New York"})
(def config {"host" "localhost" "port" 8080})
;; Sets
(def unique-numbers #{1 2 3 4 5})
(def colors #{"red" "green" "blue"})
;; Accessing data
(:name person) ; :name is a keyword function
(get person :age) ; Alternative way
(person :city) ; Maps are functions too
(first my-vector) ; Get first element
(rest my-vector) ; Get rest of collection
Control Flow and Conditionals
;; if expressions
(defn classify-number [x]
(if (pos? x)
"positive"
(if (neg? x)
"negative"
"zero")))
;; cond for multiple conditions
(defn grade [score]
(cond
(>= score 90) "A"
(>= score 80) "B"
(>= score 70) "C"
(>= score 60) "D"
:else "F"))
;; when and when-not
(defn process-positive [x]
(when (pos? x)
(println "Processing positive number")
(* x 2)))
;; case expressions
(defn day-type [day]
(case day
(1 2 3 4 5) "weekday"
(6 7) "weekend"
"invalid"))
Functional Programming Patterns
;; map, filter, reduce
(def numbers [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10])
(map square numbers) ; Square each number
(filter even? numbers) ; Keep only even numbers
(reduce + numbers) ; Sum all numbers
(reduce + 0 (map square (filter even? numbers))) ; Sum of squares of evens
;; Threading macros
(->> numbers
(filter even?)
(map square)
(reduce +)) ; Same as above, more readable
(-> person
:name
.toUpperCase) ; Java interop with threading
;; Partial application and composition
(def add-ten (partial + 10))
(def multiply-by-two (partial * 2))
(def process (comp multiply-by-two add-ten))
(process 5) ; ((5 + 10) * 2) = 30
Sequences and Lazy Evaluation
;; Infinite sequences
(def naturals (iterate inc 1)) ; 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
(def fibonacci (map first (iterate (fn [[a b]] [b (+ a b)]) [0 1])))
;; Taking finite parts of infinite sequences
(take 10 naturals) ; First 10 natural numbers
(take 10 fibonacci) ; First 10 Fibonacci numbers
;; Lazy sequence generation
(defn primes []
(letfn [(sieve [s]
(cons (first s)
(lazy-seq (sieve (filter #(not= 0 (mod % (first s)))
(rest s))))))]
(sieve (iterate inc 2))))
(take 10 (primes)) ; First 10 prime numbers
Macros and Metaprogramming
Basic Macros
;; Simple macro
(defmacro unless [condition & body]
`(if (not ~condition)
(do ~@body)))
;; Usage
(unless false
(println "This will print")
(println "So will this"))
;; Debugging macro
(defmacro debug [expr]
`(let [result# ~expr]
(println "Debug:" '~expr "=>" result#)
result#))
;; Usage
(debug (+ 2 3)) ; Prints: Debug: (+ 2 3) => 5
;; When-let macro equivalent
(defmacro my-when-let [binding & body]
`(let [~(first binding) ~(second binding)]
(when ~(first binding)
~@body)))
Advanced Macro Techniques
;; Macro for creating getters
(defmacro defgetters [record-name & fields]
`(do
~@(for [field fields]
`(defn ~(symbol (str "get-" (name field))) [record#]
(~field record#)))))
;; Usage
(defrecord Person [name age email])
(defgetters Person name age email)
;; Now you have get-name, get-age, get-email functions
Concurrency and State Management
Atoms (Synchronous State)
;; Create an atom
(def counter (atom 0))
;; Read the value
@counter
;; Update the value
(swap! counter inc) ; Increment
(swap! counter + 10) ; Add 10
(reset! counter 0) ; Reset to 0
;; Compare and set
(compare-and-set! counter 0 100) ; Set to 100 if currently 0
Refs and Software Transactional Memory
;; Bank account example with refs
(def account-a (ref 1000))
(def account-b (ref 500))
(defn transfer [from to amount]
(dosync
(alter from - amount)
(alter to + amount)))
;; Transfer $200 from account-a to account-b
(transfer account-a account-b 200)
;; Check balances
[@account-a @account-b] ; [800 700]
Agents (Asynchronous State)
;; Create an agent
(def log-agent (agent []))
;; Send actions to the agent
(send log-agent conj "First entry")
(send log-agent conj "Second entry")
;; Check the value (may not be immediately updated)
@log-agent
;; Wait for all actions to complete
(await log-agent)
@log-agent ; ["First entry" "Second entry"]
Java Interoperability
Calling Java from Clojure
;; Import Java classes
(import '(java.util Date Calendar)
'(java.io File))
;; Create Java objects
(def now (Date.))
(def file (File. "/path/to/file.txt"))
;; Call methods
(.toString now) ; Instance method
(.getTime now) ; Another instance method
(Date/parse "2023-01-01") ; Static method
;; Java property access
(System/getProperty "java.version")
;; Chaining method calls
(-> "hello world"
.toUpperCase
(.replace "WORLD" "CLOJURE")) ; "HELLO CLOJURE"
Creating Java-compatible code
;; Generate classes that can be used from Java
(gen-class
:name com.example.Calculator
:methods [[add [int int] int]
[multiply [int int] int]])
(defn -add [this x y]
(+ x y))
(defn -multiply [this x y]
(* x y))
ClojureScript (JavaScript Target)
Basic ClojureScript
;; ClojureScript compiles to JavaScript
(ns my-app.core)
;; JavaScript interop
(js/alert "Hello from ClojureScript!")
(js/console.log "Debugging message")
;; DOM manipulation
(def element (.getElementById js/document "my-div"))
(set! (.-innerHTML element) "New content")
;; Async with core.async
(require '[cljs.core.async :as async :refer [go chan >! <!]])
(defn example-async []
(let [c (chan)]
(go (>! c "Hello"))
(go (println (<! c)))))
Web Development
Ring and Compojure (Server-side)
(require '[ring.adapter.jetty :as jetty]
'[compojure.core :refer :all]
'[compojure.route :as route])
(defroutes app-routes
(GET "/" [] "Hello World!")
(GET "/user/:id" [id] (str "User ID: " id))
(POST "/api/data" request
(str "Received: " (:body request)))
(route/not-found "Not Found"))
;; Start server
(jetty/run-jetty app-routes {:port 3000})
Reagent (React wrapper)
(require '[reagent.core :as r])
(defn simple-component []
[:div
[:h1 "Hello from Reagent!"]
[:p "This is a React component written in ClojureScript"]])
(defn counter []
(let [count (r/atom 0)]
(fn []
[:div
[:p "Count: " @count]
[:button {:on-click #(swap! count inc)} "Increment"]])))
(r/render [counter] (.getElementById js/document "app"))
Testing
clojure.test
(ns my-project.core-test
(:require [clojure.test :refer :all]
[my-project.core :refer :all]))
(deftest test-addition
(testing "Addition function"
(is (= 4 (add 2 2)))
(is (= 0 (add -1 1)))
(is (= -5 (add -2 -3)))))
(deftest test-string-manipulation
(testing "String functions"
(is (= "HELLO" (.toUpperCase "hello")))
(is (= 5 (count "hello")))))
;; Run tests
(run-tests)
Development Tools
Build Tools
- Leiningen: Build automation and dependency management
- Clojure CLI Tools: Official tooling
- Boot: Alternative build tool
- Shadow CLJS: ClojureScript compilation
IDEs and Editors
- Emacs with CIDER
- IntelliJ IDEA with Cursive
- VSCode with Calva
- Vim with vim-fireplace
REPL-Driven Development
# Start REPL
lein repl
# Connect to running application
lein repl :connect 7888
# Evaluate code in editor and send to REPL
Notable Applications
- Walmart: E-commerce platform
- Netflix: Data processing and analytics
- Nubank: Financial services
- Puppet: Infrastructure automation
- CircleCI: Continuous integration platform
Learning Resources
- "Clojure for the Brave and True" by Daniel Higginbotham
- "Programming Clojure" by Stuart Halloway
- "The Joy of Clojure" by Michael Fogus
- ClojureDocs.org for examples and documentation
- Clojure community forums and Slack channels
Clojure offers a unique approach to programming that emphasizes simplicity, immutability, and powerful abstractions for concurrent programming, making it particularly well-suited for data processing, web applications, and systems that require robust state management.
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